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The Emancipation Reform of 1861 in Russia ((ロシア語:Крестьянская реформа 1861 год, ''Krestyanskaya reforma 1861 goda''), literally: "the Peasant Reform of 1861") was the first and most important of liberal reforms effected during the reign (1855-1881) of Emperor Alexander II of Russia. The reform effectively abolished serfdom throughout the Russian Empire. The 1861 Emancipation Manifesto proclaimed the emancipation of the serfs on private estates and of the domestic (household) serfs. By this edict more than 23 million people received their liberty.〔Mee, Arthur; Hammerton, J. A.; Innes, Arthur D.; ''(Harmsworth History of the World: Volume 7 )'', 1907, Carmelite House, London; at page 5193.〕 Serfs gained the full rights of free citizens, including rights to marry without having to gain consent, to own property and to own a business. The Manifesto prescribed that peasants would be able to buy the land from the landlords. Household serfs were the least affected: they gained only their freedom and no land. In Georgia the emancipation took place later, in 1864, and on much better terms for the nobles than in Russia. State-owned serfs—the serfs on the imperial properties—were emancipated in 1861, following a speech given by Tsar Alexander II on 30 March 1856. ==Background== Prior to 1861 Russia had two main categories of peasants: # those living on state lands, under control of the Ministry of State Property # those living on the land of private landowners with only those owned privately considered to be serfs. They comprised an estimated 38% of the population.〔Richard Pipes, ''Russia Under the Old Regime''.〕 As well as having obligations to the state, they also were obliged to the landowner, who had great power over their lives. By the mid-nineteenth century, less than half of Russian peasants were serfs. The rural population lived in households (''dvory'', singular ''dvor''), gathered as villages (''derevni''; a ''derevnya'' with a church became a ''selo''), run by a ''mir'' ('commune', or ''obshchina'')—isolated, conservative, largely self-sufficient and self-governing units scattered across the land every or so. Imperial Russia had around 20 million ''dvory'', forty percent of them containing six to ten people. Intensely insular, the ''mir'' assembly, the ''skhod'' (''sel'skii skhod''), appointed an elder (''starosta'') and a 'clerk' (''pisar'') to deal with any external issues. Peasants within a ''mir'' shared land and resources. The fields were divided among the families as ''nadel'' ("allotment")—a complex of strip plots, distributed according to the quality of the soil. The strips were periodically redistributed within the villages to produce level economic conditions. Despite this the land was not owned by the ''mir''; the land was the legal property of the 100,000 or so landowners (''pomeshchiks'', an equivalent of "landed gentry") and the inhabitants, as serfs, were not allowed to leave the property where they were born. The peasants were duty-bound to make regular payments in labor and goods. It has been estimated that landowners took at least one third of income and production by the first half of the nineteenth century.〔Waldron, P. (2007) ''The Governing of Tsarist Russia'' Palgrave Macmillan p. 61 ISBN 978-0-333-71718-9〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Emancipation reform of 1861」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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